<h4>Historical Background :</h4>
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Research continuously changes the world, and it also evolves...
<h4>Historical Background :</h4>
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Research continuously changes the world, and it also evolves over time. New developments, including research ethics and implementation processes, adapt alongside changing human behavior.
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In the early 1960s, particularly in the United States, several unethical medical research practices were reported involving vulnerable and terminally ill volunteers who were exposed to significant harm. One such example was the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study, where elderly disabled patients were injected with live cancer cells, raising serious ethical concerns, particularly regarding informed consent.
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Another notable case was the Willowbrook study, where children with mental disabilities were deliberately infected with hepatitis C, leading to widespread public concern and damaging trust in the medical profession.
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In 1966, Henry Beecher published “Ethics and Clinical Research” in the New England Journal of Medicine, documenting 22 unethical research studies that failed to meet accepted ethical standards.
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One of the most infamous cases occurred in the United States between 1932 and 1972: the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Around 600 Black men were enrolled, 399 of whom had syphilis, but participants were neither informed about their condition nor given informed consent or proper treatment.
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Such unethical practices highlighted the urgent need for informed consent and researcher responsibility in human subject research.
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<h4>Common Ethical Issues in Medical Research and Publication :</h4>
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The pursuit of research success can sometimes lead to coercion of human subjects or misrepresentation of medical facts to obtain consent. During World War II, Nazi physicians conducted inhumane experiments on prisoners, including viral injections, forced exposure to extreme cold, and ingestion of poison.
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In 1946, the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal prosecuted these acts, sentencing several physicians, including death penalties for some. These events led to the development of the Nuremberg Code, the first international ethical guideline for human research.
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The Nuremberg Code established 10 key principles to ensure ethical, moral, and legal standards in human subject research, forming the foundation for later international ethical frameworks.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Tonsillectomy is a relatively safe procedure when performed by experienc...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Tonsillectomy is a relatively safe procedure when performed by experienced surgeons, but it may be associated with certain complications. Taste distortion (dysgeusia) is a rare postoperative complication reported by some patients after surgery.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This retrospective study was conducted by reviewing medical records from the Department of ENT, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka. A total of 607 patients were included, covering the period from 2012 to 2022. All methods of tonsillectomy were considered.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Taste distortion was observed in 1.15% of cases following cold steel tonsillectomy and 0.5% following diathermy coagulation tonsillectomy. No cases were reported in patients treated with laser or coblation techniques.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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No dissection beyond the lower pole of the tonsil is recommended to minimize the risk of taste distortion.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Epistaxis is a common otolaryngological emergency worldwide, and many in...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Epistaxis is a common otolaryngological emergency worldwide, and many individuals experience it at least once in their lifetime. This study was conducted to describe the demographic distribution of epistaxis among patients attending Pabna Medical College Hospital.
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<h4>Objective :</h4>
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To evaluate the frequency of epistaxis among different age groups, sexes, habitats, and circadian variation.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients admitted with epistaxis at Pabna Medical College Hospital from 1st November 2020 to 31st October 2021. A total of 100 patients were included in the study.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Male patients were more frequently affected than females (75% vs 25%), with a male-to-female ratio of 3:1. Most patients belonged to the 5th to 7th decade of life (80%). Regarding habitat, 60% were from urban areas and 40% from rural areas, with no significant difference in etiology between them.
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Circadian variation was observed, with most admissions occurring in the evening (20%) and late night (25%). Seasonal variation showed higher frequency in November (15%) and March (25%), with no remarkable variation in other months.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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A higher incidence of epistaxis was observed in males and older age groups. Occurrence of epistaxis was strongly associated with demographic factors such as age, sex, and habitat.
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<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health issue affecting millions of...
<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health issue affecting millions of people each year. Timely detection and appropriate management are essential to reduce its spread, morbidity, and mortality. This study aimed to observe the prevalence of common clinical symptoms among diagnosed TB patients and their duration. The findings may help healthcare providers improve TB management and treatment outcomes.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Pabna Medical College, Pabna, from January 2021 to December 2021.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Most participants were aged 31–50 years, with 37.93% in the 41–50 age group. Males accounted for 58.62% and females 41.38%. The majority were housewives (37.93%), laborers/farmers (34.48%), and students (12.07%).
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Bronchial asthma (86.21%) was the most common comorbidity, followed by hypertension (36.21%) and diabetes mellitus (17.24%). Most participants (63.79%) had a normal BMI (18.5–24.9).
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Cough (94.83%) and fever (74.14%) were the most common symptoms. Among patients with intermittent fever, 53.49% had symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks to 1 month. Among those with persistent cough, 60% had symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks to 1 month.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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The study found that most TB patients were aged 31–50 years and predominantly male. Bronchial asthma was the most common comorbidity. Cough was the most prevalent symptom, and both cough and fever often persisted for more than two weeks. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce disease progression and symptom duration.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy results in less postoperative pain compared t...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomy results in less postoperative pain compared to open cholecystectomy. However, postoperative pain remains a concern after the procedure, which may prolong hospital stay and increase morbidity.
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<h4>Objectives :</h4>
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Effective postoperative pain management helps early mobilization, reduces analgesic requirements, enables early hospital discharge, and allows faster return to normal activities and work. This also reduces overall treatment cost and loss of working days.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This randomized controlled trial included 100 patients undergoing routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Pabna Medical College Hospital from March 2015 to May 2016. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group and a bupivacaine group. In the bupivacaine group, local anesthetic (bupivacaine) was infiltrated at port sites, including skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and liver bed at the end of surgery. The control group received normal saline in the same manner.
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Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale at 4, 12, and 24 hours after surgery, at discharge, and at one week postoperatively. Data on first analgesic request, total analgesic consumption, and return to normal activities and work were also recorded.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Patients receiving bupivacaine infiltration had significantly lower pain scores at all assessment points compared to the control group. They also experienced a longer delay before requesting the first analgesic dose and required fewer total analgesics during the postoperative period.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Bupivacaine infiltration at port sites and liver bed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an effective method for postoperative pain control. It reduces analgesic requirements and supports fast-track recovery.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Vaginal hysterectomy is infrequently performed in the absence of uterova...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Vaginal hysterectomy is infrequently performed in the absence of uterovaginal prolapse. However, in recent years, indications for vaginal hysterectomy have expanded, and it is increasingly preferred over abdominal hysterectomy. Despite evidence supporting its advantages, vaginal hysterectomy is not widely practiced in some settings, possibly due to limited technical expertise in non-descent vaginal hysterectomy.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at the Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka. The study duration was 6 months, from May 2015 to October 2015.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. No intraoperative complications were observed in either group. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, time to early ambulation, mean maximum postoperative temperature, and duration of fever were significantly lower in the vaginal hysterectomy group compared to the abdominal hysterectomy group.
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In addition, vaginal length in the vaginal hysterectomy group was significantly shorter than in the abdominal hysterectomy group.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Despite strong evidence in favor of vaginal hysterectomy, it is not the preferred approach for non-descent hysterectomy in some settings. This may be due to lack of controlled evidence awareness and limited surgical expertise.
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