<h4>Introduction :</h4>
<p>
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science with an e...
<h4>Introduction :</h4>
<p>
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science with an extensive and diversified scope, concerned with building intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These include automated systems for visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI is an interdisciplinary field.
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Healthcare systems today generate a vast amount of data, making AI increasingly relevant in the healthcare sector. Several types of AI are already being used by healthcare providers and payers. Key application areas include patient engagement and adherence, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, drug discovery, and administrative tasks.
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<p>
The term “Artificial Intelligence” was first introduced in 1956 when the American computer scientist John McCarthy and colleagues organized the Dartmouth Conference. Earlier developments such as Alan Turing’s proposed Turing Test and Dietrich Prinz’s chess-playing program also contributed to the foundation of AI.
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<p>
AI systems in healthcare typically follow a pattern where large datasets are processed using machine learning algorithms to generate insights and solutions. These systems assist in matching patient symptoms with appropriate physicians, disease diagnosis and prognosis, drug discovery, and language translation.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide....
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide. It is mainly indicated in critically ill patients requiring long-term ventilation, facial trauma, laryngeal fractures, and laryngeal malignancy. Conversion from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy offers several benefits, including preservation of laryngeal function, improved feeding, increased patient safety, and greater comfort compared to endotracheal intubation.
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<p>
Patients with tracheostomy require fewer analgesics and sedatives. It also facilitates earlier weaning from mechanical ventilation, enables speech, and allows early initiation of oral intake. These advantages contribute to reduced ICU and hospital stay, making it more cost-effective.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This was a prospective observational study conducted in the 22-bedded neuro intensive care unit and medical intensive care unit of Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Data were collected from 1st August 2021 to 28th February 2022. All patients requiring tracheostomy for prolonged intubation, airway protection, and tracheobronchial toileting were included.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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A total of 71 patients were included. Among them, 39 (54.9%) were male and 32 (45.1%) were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1. The age ranged from 18 to 82 years, with a mean age of 53.25 years.
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<p>
The most common indication for percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy was prolonged intubation (40.8%), followed by airway protection (38%), and pulmonary hygiene maintenance (21.1%).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
<p>
Tracheostomy is a frequently performed procedure in critically ill patients. Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is a safe and feasible bedside procedure with a minimally invasive approach in ICU settings.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a major stabilizing structure of...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a major stabilizing structure of the knee, contributing to both rotational and anteroposterior stability. ACL injury is a significant knee joint pathology. Common clinical tests for diagnosis include the anterior drawer test, Lachman’s test, and pivot shift test. In this study, Lelli’s test was evaluated for detecting ACL tears and compared with MRI findings.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This study included 100 patients attending the outpatient department of Orthopedics, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Bogura, from February 2022 to February 2023. Patients aged 20–60 years with symptoms of knee instability (giving way, locking, or pain) were included. Detailed clinical assessment including Lelli’s test was performed using a standard technique and recorded. All patients underwent MRI of the knee, and results were compared with clinical findings to assess the reliability of Lelli’s test as a screening tool for ACL injury.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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The study included 100 cases with a mean age of 35 ± 9 years; the majority were male (98%). Right knee involvement was most common (80%). Sports activities were the leading cause of injury (85%), and the most common symptom was giving way (82%).
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Lelli’s test demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.18% (CI 70.93–94.57) and specificity of 93.33% (CI 79.85–97.17).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
<p>
Lelli’s test is a simple clinical tool with high sensitivity and specificity and can be used as an effective screening test for evaluation of ACL injury in both acute and chronic cases.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of neonates is one of the most commo...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of neonates is one of the most common causes of neonatal mortality.
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<h4>Objective :</h4>
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The purpose of this study was to investigate socio-demographic, maternal, and neonatal factors related to RDS in neonates in the context of a tertiary-level hospital.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Ad-din Women’s Medical College and Hospital from 1st January to 31st December 2017 among 186 purposively selected neonates. Data were collected by document review and face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire and checklist.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Regarding socio-demographic factors, most mothers (61.3%) had received four or more antenatal checkups, and 87.1% had institutional delivery. Approximately 52.7% had caesarean delivery.
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Among maternal risk factors, 17.2% had hypertension, 10.8% had diabetes mellitus, 14% had oligohydramnios, and 37.1% had premature rupture of membranes (PROM).
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RDS was more common in preterm neonates (<37 weeks, 85.5%) and in low birth weight babies (<2500 g, 90.3%). About 28% were from multiple pregnancies. Common clinical features included grunting (62.4%) and chest recession (92.5%).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
<p>
Although the risk factors for RDS are largely non-preventable, they are predictable with proper antenatal care. Early identification of at-risk pregnancies can help in timely diagnosis and management, thereby reducing neonatal mortality.
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<h4>Objective :</h4>
<p>
In this study, 50 patients with neck swelling were evaluated to compare c...
<h4>Objective :</h4>
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In this study, 50 patients with neck swelling were evaluated to compare clinical diagnosis with histopathological reports for diagnostic reliability.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from July 2015 to June 2017. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), MRI, CT scan, and histopathological examination of postoperative specimens were performed. Data were analyzed using tables, graphs, and figures.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Among 50 cases, 19 were male and 31 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.63. The age range was 4–60 years, with the highest frequency in the 4th decade.
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Most patients were from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Clinical, cytological, and histopathological diagnoses were available for all cases and were compared.
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Histopathology revealed tubercular lymphadenopathy in 12 cases, metastatic carcinoma and lymphoma in 5 cases each, nodular goiter in 12 cases, thyroid carcinoma in 5 cases, and the remaining cases were benign, congenital, or nonspecific inflammatory conditions.
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FNAC provided correct diagnosis in 45 cases. In 5 cases, 2 smears were unsatisfactory, and 3 cases were reported as follicular neoplasm without definitive diagnosis. These were later confirmed by histopathology as follicular adenoma (1 case) and follicular carcinoma (2 cases).
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FNAC sensitivity was 91% for tuberculosis, 100% for metastatic carcinoma and salivary gland tumors, 92% for nodular goiter, and 60% for thyroid malignancy. However, accuracy for papillary thyroid carcinoma was 100%.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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FNAC significantly reduces the need for open biopsy. Despite limitations in differentiating follicular adenoma from carcinoma, it remains a reliable diagnostic tool when combined with clinical judgment.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Refractive error in children aged 5–15 years is an important public heal...
<h4>Background :</h4>
<p>
Refractive error in children aged 5–15 years is an important public health problem. Myopia and hypermetropia are the leading causes of refractive errors in this age group. Both are visually impairing conditions that can be significantly improved through adequate refractive correction. Population-based studies show that nearly half of visual impairment due to correctable refractive error in children is not receiving adequate attention, especially in disadvantaged social and economic settings.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This was an observational study. One hundred children from the village Darisharifpur, Upazila Bera, District Pabna were selected using a random sampling method. Data were collected from children aged between 9–15 years. Refractive error and related variables were recorded and analyzed.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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A total of 100 children with visual problems or symptoms related to visual acuity were examined. The prevalence of refractive error in this study was 11%.
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Myopia (72.72%) was the most common refractive error, followed by hypermetropia (25%) and astigmatism (27%).
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The majority (63.63%) of refractive errors were within the range of -0.50D to -1.99D. Most visual acuity findings ranged between 6/9 and 6/18.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
<p>
Myopia and hypermetropia are the leading causes of refractive errors in children in this age group. These visually impairing conditions can be significantly improved through adequate refractive correction.
</p>problem. Myopia and hypermetropia are leading cause of refractive errors in children in this
age group. Both which are visually impairing conditions that can be significantly improved
through adequate refractive correction. Population based refractive error studies in children
have shows that nearly half of the visual impairment associated with correctable refractive
error in this age group in not receiving attention specially those children living in disadvantaged
social and economic condition
Methods: This is an observational study. One hundred children of a village Darisharifpur,
upazilla- Bera, district Pabna were studied
in Random sampling method. Data were collected from children aged between 9-15 years.
Refractive error with other related variables were enclosed with data and and that were
analyzed.
Results:100 children of village with visual problem or symptoms related to visual acuity
were examined and prevalence of refractive error in my study 11%. Myopia (72.72%) is more
common refractive error my study, myopia 46%, hypermetropia 25%, astigmatism 27%.
Majority (63.63%) of refractive error was found in between -0.50D to -1.99D in my study .
In my study majority of refractive errors are within 6/9 to 6/18.
Conclusions: Myopia and hypermetropia are leading cause of refractive errors in children in
this age group. Both which are visually impairing conditions that can be significantly improved
through adequate refractive correction.
