<h4>Abstract :</h4>
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In the last century, major death tolls were due to infections and commun...
<h4>Abstract :</h4>
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In the last century, major death tolls were due to infections and communicable diseases. At present, the major causes of death are non-communicable diseases such as cerebrovascular diseases, ischemic heart diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancer. The etiology of these disorders is multifactorial. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were previously considered social problems, but studies have shown that OSA is an important risk factor for life-threatening diseases.
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<p>
Morbidity, quality of life, and healthcare cost are significantly influenced by sleep quality, which is frequently fragmented by obstructive sleep apnea.
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<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to reduced or absent airflow. These episodes are termed “apneas” when breathing ceases completely or near-completely, and “hypopneas” when airflow is partially reduced. These events may result in decreased blood oxygen saturation, sleep disruption, or both.
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<p>
A high frequency of apneas and hypopneas during sleep can severely impair sleep quality, and together with intermittent hypoxemia, contributes to adverse health outcomes and reduced quality of life. The terms obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) or obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) are used when symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment are present.
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<p>
At present, about 85% of adult deaths are due to non-communicable diseases, with ischemic heart disease (21.1%), stroke (22.1%), and chronic respiratory disease (16.4%) contributing a major proportion in Bangladesh. Most non-communicable disease-related deaths are closely associated with or influenced by obstructive sleep apnea, although it remains under-recognized.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) with meatal stenosis is a morbid con...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) with meatal stenosis is a morbid condition. Treatment of meatal stenosis due to BXO is challenging because of a high recurrence rate. Various surgical options are practiced for BXO with meatal stenosis. Proper treatment is necessary to provide relief from patient suffering.
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<h4>Objectives :</h4>
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of combined dorsal and ventral buccal mucosal graft meatoplasty compared with dorsal meatoplasty in the treatment of Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans with meatal stenosis.
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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This prospective quasi-experimental study was carried out in the Department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2013 to June 2015 over a period of 24 months. All patients presented with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans with meatal stenosis were included and divided into two groups: group 1 (combined dorsal and ventral buccal mucosal graft meatoplasty) and group 2 (dorsal graft meatoplasty). Post-operative follow-up was done for six months.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Among 60 patients, 30 were in group 1 and 30 in group 2. In group 1, the mean ± SD operative time was 101.17 ± 16.27 minutes.
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At six months follow-up, mean ± SD Qmax in group 1 was 19.37 ± 4.79 ml/sec and in group 2 was 16.16 ± 3.69 ml/sec (p < 0.05). Mean voiding time in group 1 was 29.33 ± 8.16 sec, and in group 2 it was 32.73 ± 13.83 sec (p > 0.05).
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<p>
Success was achieved in 25 (83.3%) cases in group 1, compared to 19 (63.3%) cases in group 2.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Combined dorsal and ventral buccal mucosal graft meatoplasty shows better outcomes than dorsal graft meatoplasty; however, long-term follow-up is required to confirm durability of results.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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The proportion of the elderly population is increasing globally. Very li...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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The proportion of the elderly population is increasing globally. Very little information is available on the presentation and clinical outcome of elderly patients at the Emergency Department (ED) in Bangladesh. This study was carried out to assess the pattern of elderly patients (65 years and more) who visited the ED of 250 Bedded General Hospital, Pabna (GHP).
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<h4>Methods :</h4>
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A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients aged 65 years or more at GHP from 2017 through 2021. Patient demographic information, symptoms, diagnoses, and outcomes were analyzed using SPSS version 23.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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20.7% (n = 94,905) of all adults (n = 457,549) presenting to the ED were aged ≥65 years. A greater number of elderly patients (58%) required hospitalization compared to non-elderly adults (37%).
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The three most common symptoms were breathlessness (9.9%), dizziness (9.0%), and abdominal pain (5.3%). Symptoms were mainly acute (<24 hours, 42%) or less than one week (28.9%).
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The three most common diagnoses were respiratory tract infections (7.8%), cerebrovascular diseases (stroke/transient ischaemic attack, 7.6%), and heart failure (7.4%).
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Elderly patients constituted 20.7% of emergency attendance but 32.5% of admissions among adults. They differ significantly from younger adults in presentation and outcome.
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<h4>Background :</h4>
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Ascaris lumbricoides is a common intestinal parasite, and biliary ascari...
<h4>Background :</h4>
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Ascaris lumbricoides is a common intestinal parasite, and biliary ascariasis is the most common extra-intestinal manifestation of roundworm infection. This study aimed to review the predisposing factors, clinical presentation, and role of endoscopic management in biliary ascariasis.
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<h4>Method :</h4>
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A retrospective analysis was performed on 182 patients diagnosed and admitted with biliary ascariasis in the Department of General Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, from April 2016 to April 2021.
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Ultrasonographic findings of the abdomen were the mainstay of diagnosis.
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<h4>Results :</h4>
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Biliary ascariasis was more common in females (78%). The most common presentation was pain (100%). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was successfully performed in 90.7% of cases. All patients were treated with anthelmintic therapy. No complications were reported.
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<h4>Conclusion :</h4>
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Ultrasound is a reliable screening tool for diagnosis, and ERCP provides confirmation. Once diagnosed, endoscopic extraction of the worm is often successful and provides prompt relief. Anthelmintics should be administered to eradicate intestinal worms and prevent recurrence in the biliary tree.
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<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Human aging has been a mystery since the dawn of civilization due to i...
<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Human aging has been a mystery since the dawn of civilization due to its biological complexity, involving genetic composition, inheritance, epigenetics, and a constantly changing living environment. Age is different from aging. Age is a measurable unit of time, such as years (chronological age), whereas aging is a multifaceted biological process.
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Lifespan or lifecycle is defined as the duration from biological conception (gestation) to death. However, individual genetic inheritance, generational changes, and environmental influences across different age cohorts?along with their bio-psycho-social characteristics?make the understanding of aging more complex.
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Aging is associated with continuous changes in molecular composition in human cells, with or without external environmental stimuli.
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Extensive research has identified several hallmarks of aging, which include twelve major molecular changes: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, impaired macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis.<sup>1,2</sup>
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<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Unilateral proptosis refers to the forward protrusion of one eyeball c...
<h4>Introduction :</h4>
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Unilateral proptosis refers to the forward protrusion of one eyeball caused by various pathological conditions. An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball beyond the boundaries of the bony orbit is termed ?proptosis?. A similar appearance seen in endocrine dysfunction, especially thyroid disorders, is called ?exophthalmos?.
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Protrusion of the eyeball is commonly seen in Graves? ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease, which is usually bilateral. Unilateral proptosis is rare in this condition. Graves? ophthalmopathy is an immune-mediated inflammation of orbital and retro-orbital tissues, occurring mainly with thyrotoxicosis and more frequently in females.
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<p>
The natural history of unilateral Graves? ophthalmopathy is not well understood, and diagnosis remains challenging.
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<p>
In this article, a 19-year-old female presented to the outpatient department of Pabna Medical College with complaints of protrusion of the left eye and palpitation for 2 months.
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